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Plumbing Full Course - Part 13

Mohammed Furkhan June 20, 2022

 


                This is part 13th of the full plumbing course in MEP. If you want to check all the previous parts of this course, you can get them by the end of this post.

Manual scavenging in plumbing

The term “manual scavenging” was first used in India in the year 1760 AD. Scavengers were first employed at the time of the British East India Company. They carried out this work to clean sewers manually using primitive tools. By the end of 19th century, manual scavenging had become almost extinct.

However, the Government introduced policy changes that led to the abolishment of this practice. The government passed the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act in 1973. This act effectively ended manual scavenging in India.

Today, manual scavenging is still practiced in some pockets across India.

Manual Scavengers are the people who clean up waste from home and industrial water pipes after they have been flushed through them. This is one of the oldest professions that still exists today. They can be found at construction sites, homes, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, etc. If you were to visit a construction site, you would find many workers who use buckets and rags to collect the waste pipe's contents. When the workday ends, they take this waste back to their neighborhood and empty out what they collected into barrels or containers. These barrels are taken to nearby landfills where the solids go. Some states even let man-scavengers keep what they collect, while others charge them a fee. Most man-scavangers do not like the job they do because they say that it is dirty, dangerous, boring, time consuming, and physically demanding. However, if there was no manual scavenging jobs, then these facilities would need to hire someone else to clean up after them. So, this means that man-scavenging is good for society but bad for the workers themselves.

Effects of Manual Scavenging

1. Plumbing-related diseases are caused by the build up of toxic substances that have accumulated over time within the pipes, including lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. When this happens, it can cause physical problems like skin rashes, liver damage, kidney damage, bone damage, lung disease, gastrointestinal issues, miscarriages, premature births, reduced IQ levels, hearing loss, cancer, diabetes, heart attack, stroke, and even death.

2. Manual Scavenging- The workers who work at these jobs usually wear coveralls and gloves to protect themselves from any potential chemicals that may be released into their bodies through their contact with potentially contaminated water. They usually use special toolsets with air blowers to blow away debris while they clean. However, the air blower releases high amounts of fine particulate matter (PM10) and carbon monoxide (CO), causing respiratory illnesses and other health complications.

3. Environmental Impacts- According to a study conducted by the Water Research Commission of India, manual scavengers often face some environmental impacts due to their occupation. Because of the exposure to dangerous chemicals and waste water, they face breathing problems, dry coughs, eye injuries, skin irritation, and other health concerns. In addition, they are vulnerable to social stigmatization, discrimination, and job insecurity.

4. How To Help? - There are many ways that we can help them to stay safe while also protecting our own health. First, we should not expose ourselves to the fumes coming out of the drains if we want to avoid getting sick. If we need to go near one of these drains, we should wear protective gear. We can also try to keep the water flowing smoothly and quickly throughout the city. This will reduce the amount of bacteria that could be present in the drains. Finally, if we do find ourselves needing to go into a drain, make sure that we take proper precautions like wearing safety goggles, using respirator masks, gloves, long sleeves, and pants.

5. What Can You Do? - As individuals, we are responsible for making sure that we are doing our best to safeguard ourselves. We can start by taking simple steps to ensure that we are washing our hands regularly, covering our mouths when coughing and sneezing, and using antibacterial soap to wash our clothes and dishes. We can also look for opportunities to educate others about how important it is to maintain a healthy environment around us.

Home Plumbing system

Drainage pipe

The drainage pipe takes waste water away from your house before it enters into the sewer. This pipe is usually made of concrete, clay, or plastic and is buried underground or inside walls. In some cases, this pipe may have a screen that keeps animals out of the pipe.

Water supply pipe

Water supply pipes are used to transport water from the main water line to individual homes. These pipes can be made of metal, plastic, or wood. When these lines enter a home they are called interior service connection (ISC) or wall entry/piping/supply connection (WEC).

Toilet urns

Toilets are places where people take a bath or use the restroom. They often come with a tank that holds water and a bowl that collects urine. You will find these bowls in both public and private bathrooms. If the toilet in your home has a tank, it will probably be at least two feet long.

Home drainage systems are a great way to save water while still having adequate air circulation. They are easy to install and can be used on a variety of climates. This simple system consists of a PVC pipe that runs from your hose bib to a bucket filled with sand or gravel. Water flows into the bucket until the outlet reaches the top of the bucket. Once at the top of the bucket, the excess water drains out through the sand or gravel. You can use this system on any surface, including concrete, wood, or drywall.

Home drainage systems are used for irrigation of garden areas, such as lawns, gardens, and outdoor patios. This type of irrigation not only provides for the needs of your plants but can also lead to water conservation. Home drainage systems use gravity to move water from the ground into catch basins that collect water for later use.

The first step in installing this system is to lay down a perforated pipe underneath your yard area. Your pipe should extend at least 10 feet below grade level throughout the entire length of your yard. Once laid out, fill the bottom of the pipe with gravel or sand until it's full. Next, build a small concrete wall around the perimeter of your pipe using the same material you've used to make the pipe. Lastly, place large bricks along the top edge of your drainpipe to hold it in place.

Once your pipes have been installed, you'll need to connect them together. Connecting adjacent pipes is simple enough; just screw two sections together. To do this, insert each end of an existing section into the open ends of the other pipe, then attach the threaded ends with screws. When these sections have been screwed tightly, run one or both of the pipes underground until they reach their final destinations.

To prevent any leaks, a pipe sealer must be applied after installation. Pipe sealers are designed specifically to protect against seepage through holes and cracks in pipes. They're usually sprayed onto the surface of the piping, though some products may be mixed directly into the gravel or sand before installation.

This system can prove beneficial to many people who live in areas where rainfall is heavy. However, if you live in an area where rain is scarce, you might want to consider alternate methods of watering. These could include drip irrigation or a sub-irrigation method called trickle irrigation. If possible, you might even consider installing a sprinkler system.

Installing fixtures and faucets

Fixtures are used to provide water to the fixture from a different supply line. Faucets allow you to turn the water on/off. Water flow rate varies depending on the size of the fixture being installed.

Water pressure can vary depending on where the fixture is located in relation to the wall that has the sink or shower mounted to.

1. Fixtures

Fixtures are items that attach to your waterline and help distribute water throughout your home. You can install them at both ends, but they are commonly used in kitchen sinks as well as bathrooms. They may come in different materials like copper, brass, plastic, etc., and they have many different sizes. They are usually placed along the edge of the sink where water drains out. Installing these fixtures correctly requires some experience and knowledge about plumbing.

2. Faucets

A faucet is basically a valve that controls the flow rate of water coming from the fixture. There are two types of valves; one-handle and lever handle. The one-handle type has a single knob (the handle) that changes the flow rate of water. Lever handles are much simpler, and they consist of just a lever that you pull down to slow down or stop the flow of water.

For best results, you should consult a professional plumber before installing any fixtures. Doing this ensures that everything goes smoothly and there are no hidden surprises. However, if you're not comfortable working with pipes and valves, you can always hire someone who knows how to do this job.

A few things to keep in mind before beginning any plumbing project:

1) Plumbing work can be dangerous if not done correctly. Always wear protective gear and use caution!

2) Be sure to thoroughly clean your hands after touching anything that may contain lead based paint (i.e. pipes) or other hazardous materials.

3) Never pour concrete directly into water lines. When pouring concrete over copper pipe, make sure to let both sets of joints drain properly. If concrete gets trapped inside the pipe, it could cause damage and leaks.

4) Before starting any work, turn off the gas valves at the fixture, shut down electricity, run cold water through the system, and check for any leaks. This helps avoid potential problems from getting worse.

5) Make sure you have all the tools necessary to complete the job safely. In addition to standard plumbers supplies, I recommend having these items when working around sinks or toilets:

 Faucet Installation:
1. First, install your sink assembly (counter-top) to your countertop with the screws provided. 
2. Then, remove the cabinet bottom that separates the sink from the counter-top. 
3. Put the faucet back into place. 
4. Attach the spout to the faucet using the included hose adapter. 
5. Screw down any remaining hardware. 
6. To clean out residue build-up, pour hot water through the drain hole of the sink assembly. 
7. Drain all the excess water from the sink assembly before turning off the water supply to the building. 8. Once the installation is complete, turn the water supply back on. 
9. After waiting for the water to flow freely, test your faucet to ensure that everything is working correctly. 
10. If you notice any leaks, fill the sink assembly with water again and let it run until no water comes out. 
11. Remove the sink assembly from the counter top and dry it thoroughly. 
12. Reattach the cabinet bottom you removed earlier onto the faucet assembly. 
13. Turn the water supply back on and start testing your faucet once again. 
14. Finally, replace the cabinet bottom if necessary. 
15. Now, your installation should be ready! Follow these steps and you'll have a nice, functional faucet installed.

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